What is double fertilization?

Double fertilization is a unique reproductive mechanism restricted to all angiosperms. Two sperm from a single pollen grain are involved in fertilization. One sperm fertilizes the egg, producing the embryo. In contrast, the second sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to give rise to the nutritive tissue. This takes place within the ovary after pollination.

The procedure begins after pollen germination. The pollen tube conducts two sperm cells to the embryo sac. One sperm fertilizes the egg, resulting in the formation of the zygote. The other sperm fuse with two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm. This dual fertilization is a unique and coordinated process that ensures seed viability.

Endosperm offers essential advantages. This tissue, full of food, serves the embryo of the seed as it develops. Cereal grains, such as wheat, store their carbohydrates in the endosperm. In the case of the bean, the endosperm passes the food on to the cotyledons. In both instances, the original double fertilization is essential for securing food for the embryo.

Gardeners observe the results of double fertilization every day. The kernel of corn contains the starchy endosperm, which comes from this process. The seeds of beans show large cotyledons, which include the food stores of protein. Knowledge of this process facilitates the selection of high-yielding plant varieties. The seed packets will indicate which types of stored nutrients are used by the different kinds of plants.

This evolutionary development benefits flowering plants. Flowers efficiently enclose nutrients with embryos. Seeds obtain energy for germination. Plants successfully colonize a variety of habitats. Double fertilization plays a critical role in the national food production system.

Read the full article: Understanding Flower Reproductive Parts and Functions